Details

Written by Super User

 

On the Pacific Ocean. Photo by Rita Kurtz November 2022.

 

 

A Short on Sex, Psychology & God 

   

Several studies often share that married couples don't have good communication. Conversely, there are studies that cover how well married couples talk to one another, and how it relates to the happiness of their marriages. Studies often critically analyze the role of language in social connections regulating emotions which can be beneficial for any relationship. However, one topic that typically gets shunned in a marriage: S-E-X, especially amongst Christians.

     The Book of First Corinthians provides an open discussion of the church and the concerns that affected and impacted actual people in the first century. Marriage discussions run throughout the book. One of the most underrated discussions as Christians falls on the importance of sexual communication in relationships.

     As 1 Corinthians 7:5 proclaims, "Stop depriving one another, except by agreement for a time so that you may devote yourselves to prayer and come together again so that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack of self-control" (New American Standard Bible 1960/2021). Today's take on sex and communication tends to fall short of the truth. Exegetically speaking, this is a time to come together mutually. If mutual relations are not met and there isn't an understanding of boundaries, seeking professional help needs to be at the forefront of your marriage. Christian Counselors can guide and pinpoint deeply rooted issues that may be blocking communication. Communicating and having sexual relations is a part of marriage. 

Society has taken the marriage gift from God, often placing it under the wrong lens, but it is an important part of marital communication. Montesi et al. (2010) support that open sexual communication in marriage relate to overall relationship satisfaction, but it finds a difference in relatability between men and women (p. 605).

In the early stages of a relationship, frank sexual communication deemed more crucial to male fulfillment than after a year. In contrast, the study found that among the women, honest sexual communication deemed essential for relationship pleasure after a year's time. An interesting point nonetheless, but the importance of communication in marriage is crucial for a healthy sex life. 

The Joo (2015) study, Marriage and Sexuality in Terms of Christian Theological Education, marks notably one of the main issues, "Many of us ignore the sex education and think the best sex education is no sex education of any kind at all" (p. 3946). In today's society, sex education comes from Instagram, TikTok, Twitter, Netflix, the internet, and other media outlets that have taken it to the level of complete sexual corruption. Every detail that is needed for sexual communication is contained in the Word of God. 

      The rationale regarding communication with couples supports biblical principles. God wants us to talk with him and with our spouse! He designed us to be this way. The Willems and Varley (2010) study researched neural insights in relational language and communication and reports that the ability to use language as a means of communication has been crucial to the survival of the human race (p. 6). 

     Clearly, there has been a lot of sex considering the human race is still surviving; however, instructions on good sexual communication, deep emotional support, and successful happy marriages must be an ongoing affair. Since the fall of man with Adam and Eve, as Joo (2015) states, "the relationship between sexuality and marriage has been vulnerable to brokenness (pgs. 3940-3941). Putting God first in marriage must be at the forefront. There is nothing more intimate than reading and studying the Word of God together as couple. Biblical instructions warrant further investigations into the power of God at the forefront of a Christian marriage and should be added to empirical data. 

Key words: sex, marriage, communication, God first, psychology 

 

Rita Kurtz (PhD student) is a recent graduate of Harvard University with a master's degree from the Faculty of Arts & Sciences department. While at Harvard University, Rita took part in several projects, including a research study at the Langer Mindfulness Lab in the Department of Psychology which delved into the psychological effects of how news mediums impact the consumption and conveyance of news to the public. In writing in the sciences, she researched and wrote two research papers and presented them in front of fellow scientists. The first paper researched Nutraceutical Skin Therapy: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, a study on how mushrooms may support youthful skin and aid in patients suffering from the autoimmune disease, sarcoidosis. The second delved into extensive research on Meat Analogues: Are We Making a Positive Political Advancement to Save the Planet? Or A Personal Health Choice that Barely Sustains Ourselves?  which uncovered the unnatural ingredients masked in meatless burgers from Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger. 

Her interdisciplinary studies in law, anthropology and philosophy, makes her a well-rounded candidate. Her past academia undergraduate studies covered a gamut of disciplines including writing legal briefs and law courses in Constitutional Law, Business Law I &II, Torts, Corporate Finance, Business Policy, Economics, Chemistry, Chemistry Lab, and Consumer Behavior. She became a published nonfiction writer and a certified digital storyteller while at Harvard. 

Rita was formerly a Government Account Executive supplying computer networks to the U.S. military around the globe creating relationships between the civilian sector and the government. She has also worked as a Record-Breaking Technical Recruiter, placing C-level executives in major tech companies and start-ups. Her well roundedness and entrepreneurial mindset led her to running a successful bakery at the Department of Defense (DoD) Air Force Exchange. 

Rita is a digital creator, with some experience with Python Programming language. She stays current on mainstream topics as a blogger, social media influencer, and actress/entertainer. She divides her time between speaking, performing, and engaging in television, radio, and stage productions. She has covered tech news and innovations as a repeat spokesperson at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), MacWorld, and for Belkin Components. Her acting appearances aired on Lifetime, History Channel, Fox, and the Paramount Network, landing her on an Emmy-nominated show. Her experience in media, led to a career in television, radio, movies, and writing. As a prior executive producer, TV and radio host of a positive side of sports, life and entertainment variety show, her co-hosts included NFL players and Professionals. The show broadcasted on Warner Brothers Television and Fox. Her position led to interviews with billionaires, millionaires, celebrities, professional athletes, NASCAR drivers, professional medical staff, professional attorneys, musicians, and business owners. As a headline lead singer, she has toured with Grammy-Award winning musicians, and performed the national anthem for several professional sports teams around the country. Rita is a strong writer, researcher, listener, articulate speaker, and takes direction well. She is most recognized for the TV commercial in which she belted opera on a bus with a guy dressed like a Scandinavian viking-(877-CASHNOW).

Currently pursuing her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Division 1 General Psychology with a Christian lens, hones her past skill set as a Christian Youth Group Counselor and a contracted DoD Choir Director. Her current research interests include artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), law, ethics, morals, bioethics, aviation, military affairs, divinity and diversity. Her postgraduate studies at Liberty University allows her to research, analyze, test, generate new data, and the application of statistical and analytical data. Setting academic theories in psychology with a Christian worldview, opens deeper theories into more professional values, morals, ethics, behaviors, attitudes, justices, theoretical modeling, evidence-based modeling, culturally diversity standardization, leadership in trends, concepts, and methods. She is currently studying neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social-personality psychology, neurotheology, law, and statistics. Her main focus lies in self-regulation in the discipline of Health Psychology from a holistic-mind, body, spirit, and soul approach.

She is a current member of the American Psychological Association (APA), American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ), American Federation of Musicians (AFM), Christian Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS), Harvard Black Alumni Society (HBAS), Harvard Club of NY, Harvard Club of Southern California, and the Harvard Alumni Association. She currently resides in Beverly Hills, California. Her faith in Jesus Christ is the foundation for her life.

Awards: 

• As of February 2023: SMARTscholarship 2023 semi-finalist.
• Harvard HGSE/HDS Academic Scholarship Award 2021 in Law, Politics, Economics, Ethics, American Democracy, and Religiosity––Dr. Cornell West and Professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger, S.J.D.
• Top 20 List on Talking Writer 2020
• SEFMD Science and Engineering Award in Microbiology,( First place and second place)

 

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Reference

Joo, Chung. (2015). Marriage and Sexuality in Terms of Christian Theological Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 174. 3940-3947. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.1137. 

Montesi, J. L., Fauber, R. L., Gordon, E. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2010). The specific importance of communicating about sex to couples’ sexual and overall relationship satisfaction. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28(5), 591–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510386833Links to an external site.

New American Standard Bible. (2021). Zondervan. (Original work published 1960)

Willems, R. M., & Varley, R. (2010). Neural Insights into the Relation between Language and Communication. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 4, 203. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00203

### 

Details

Written by Rita Kurtz

• God,
• Jesus,
• Holy Spirit,
• virtualreality,
• artificial intelligence,
• chatbots,
• talkbots,

 

 

(Photo by Rita Kurtz. Delta Air Lines CEO Ed Bastian (L) and Rita Kurtz.

Consumer Electronics Show (CES), January 2020, Las Vegas, Nevada. 

Click link here to see quick video: DELTA: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning ).

Click link here to see the experience: DELTA Parallel Reality Display in Action

 

Me, Myself, & AIT–Artificial Intelligence Talkbots: Self-Talk and Emotional Self-Regulation with AI Talkbots and Parallel Reality Displays

By: Rita Kurtz

February17, 2023

I. Relational and social correlational research idea

            Me, Myself, & AIT–Artificial Intelligence

Talkbots: Self-Talk and Emotional Self-Regulation with AI Talkbots and Parallel Reality Displays

II. Background

            Talking to oneself, either internally or out loud, expresses a cognitive activity known as "self-talk." It serves as a helpful method for self-regulation in controlling feelings and dealing with stress. Affirming feelings, changing thought processes, and repetition of effective practices, offer impacts on mood and behavior (Junhyung et al., 2021, p. 1), and even the capacity to share "distressing experiences with others" through better psychological means of "talking it out" (Levi-Belz & Lev-Ari (2019). In researching the importance of self-talk, integrating external methodologies to "talk through" issues strikes an interest to explore additional, relational efforts concerning mental health. This study explores integrating the use of Artificial Intelligence Talkbots (AIT) or "chatbots" and Parallel Reality screens in public settings, proffering additional support of self-talk and communication.

            Artificial Intelligence (AI) hears verbalization during communication via phone call, or through personal intelligence assistance like Siri, Alexa, or Google Play. Researchers conducted studies in support of chatbots that are programmed to communicate with human users who struggle with mental health by engaging products such as Wysa, a mobile well-being app (Inkster et al., 2018). Talkbots use a computer software program replicating human communication. Talkbots can be downloaded on smartphones, computers, tablets, and the like. For example, a recent study determined the effectiveness of a wellness App powered by AI. The study measured the well-being of staff, students, and faculty at a university using Ajivar– an AI-powered life coach that improved low emotional intelligence (EI) due to stress (Sturgill et al., 2021, p. 2). Ajivar offers a chat session for each individual that downloads the App on their smart device. The study concluded unlimited potential for mental health and positive results using AI applications (Sturgill et al., 2021, p.6). Comparatively, a unique, open approach to integrating AIT and self-talk could be the use of a public-based technology called a Parallel Reality display–a futuristic public, yet private screen, that allows an individual, with their naked eye, see different information pertaining to different individuals standing in front of the display screen (Dietz & Lathrop, 2019, p.1). The public Parallel Reality displays, which remain unique because of their built-in privacy feature, could be in malls, restaurants, and many other public settings.

Integrating AI, self-care, and Parallel Reality displays could address handling stress better in public spaces. As of January of 2020, Delta Air Lines partnered with Misapplied Science and launched the beginning of Parallel Reality displays in the Detroit Metropolitan Airport (Kurtz, 2020). The Parallel Reality display experience allows passengers to view their own private flight information without others around seeing or hearing the information displayed. The Parallel Reality display could make its way publicly, allowing for a new type of "shared experience" where the public "can simultaneously target personalized content to each (specific) viewer, without specialized goggles (Dietz & Lathrop, 2019, p.1). Just like the display used by Delta, each public location, i.e., the mall, airport, grocery store, and any other public location, could offer Parallel Reality screens to interact openly with AI. In using this "hands-on" or "virtual hands-on" in this case, experience could alleviate stress in a public environment. Having Parallel Reality displays in several public spaces could make self-care and self-regulation methods more readily available in public spaces. The public, yet private display can communicate, at their discretion, with an AI-powered information system to help them talk through their struggle.

 The importance of communication, especially under stress, supports the need for social relationships. According to a study by Ozbay et al. (2007), social support access needs to be readily accessible to an individual through social relationships with other individuals, groups, and the greater community. Although self-talk can improve stress on one level in self-regulation, social support using AIT during stress deems worthy of investigation. However, little information exists regarding the relationship between self-talk with AI chatbots, or the relationship between self-talk and Parallel Reality displays including their ability to provide full emotional support.

III. Research Questions

            Is there a correlation between the self-talk of AI talkbots and their ability to provide the necessary emotional support, especially in a public environment? As Ozbay et al. (2017) stated, the importance of accessibility of communication and psychological resilience to stress needs further investigation, which could support the idea of public Parallel Reality screens. Conversely, would it appear odd to talk to a screen up in the air at an airport, the mall, or a restaurant? Communicating publicly with a mental health AIT through a large Parallel Reality display sounds like a futuristic sci-fi movie, but technically, this practice happens when ordering fast food at a drive-thru. However, what about feeding the mental state that hungers for adapting to life's adversities in coping with naturalistic stress? Moreover, should we be able to speak to an AI-powered Parallel Reality display publicly to express angst, or frustration on the spot? Will it alleviate stress or perhaps exacerbate the issue because there could be an audience watching as one "hashes out" the issue with the assigned AIT?

IV. Hypothesis

            AI talkbots that engage with an individual during self-talk will be positively associated with their ability to provide positive emotional support and encourage better self-regulation. Furthermore, AI talkbots in a public environment using a Parallel Reality screen could offer some emotional support during naturalistic stress in public.

V. Variables

            The independent variable is the self-talk of AI chatbots, while the dependent variable is the ability of AI talkbots to provide emotional support.

VI. Methodology

            A public environment experiment could be conducted in this study. Quasi-experimental research methodologies could investigate the impact of AI talkbots on naturalistic stress reduction in public environments, such as a busy subway. Recording information before and after the experience, capturing participants feelings, could be measured to see how the AI talkbot and Parallel Reality displays affected their stress levels.

            To record participants stress levels, the 5-point scale Wellness Test Inventory questionnaire of 100 questions will be implemented with questions regarding self-care, social awareness, values, and other assessments (Owen, 1999). Participants will be asked to complete both pretest and posttest questionnaires measuring their perceptions of the emotional support offered by AI chatbots. Just as the Ajivar study uses Alexa and Google Play (Sturgill et al., 202, p. 3), participants would have to interacted with AI talkbots and will be recruited for the study. The environment would have to support Parallel Reality screens connected with AI talkbots in various public areas to support the hypothesis. The collected data from the pretest and posttest questionnaire will be evaluated by means of correlation and regression analysis via App based technologies.

VII. Significance

            This study will provide insight in the connection between AI chatbots' connection to self-talk and the capacity to give emotional support through App based programs. It will also aid in connecting whether Parallel Reality displays offer support for the self-talk theory. The study's findings can be utilized to enhance the design and development of AI talkbots displayed on Parallel Reality screens so that they give appropriate emotional support to humans. This research may also be used to develop policies regarding privacy and well-being, that promote the use of artificial intelligence talkbots in mental health and emotional support services. The paucity of information makes this study a groundbreaking experiment.

VIII. Conclusion

            Whether one views this study as a dystopian society where man has completely dismantled the connectedness of humankind, or a utopian society of utter bliss, the safety and welfare of humankind must be at the forefront. Mental health, whether through self-regulation, self-talk, AI, or through the display of the Parallel Reality, communication is needed to navigate these uncertain anomalies.  

            AI just arrived and will make both subtle and abrupt changes to the medical field, education system, and anthropological endeavors, and will make life even more interesting. Although AI can be expressive and helpful in several ways, AI isn't sentient, omniscient, nor is it omnipotent, although it tries to present as such. These technologies will never overcome God's creative power; therefore, we must remember who is in control. The Holy Bible proclaims in Isaiah 55: 8-9 "'For My thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways My ways,' declares the LORD. "For as the heavens are higher than the earth, So are My ways higher than your ways and My thoughts than your thoughts"" (New American Standard Bible, 1960/2021). God is the one in control, even if AI "thinks" it can take over.

Key words: Artificial Intelligence, Chatbots, Talkbots, Parallel Reality, Display

 

Rita Kurtz (PhD student) is a recent graduate of Harvard University with a master's degree from the Faculty of Arts & Sciences department. While at Harvard University, Rita took part in several projects, including a research study at the Langer Mindfulness Lab in the Department of Psychology which delved into the psychological effects of how news mediums impact the consumption and conveyance of news to the public. In writing in the sciences, she researched and wrote two research papers and presented them in front of fellow scientists. The first paper researched Nutraceutical Skin Therapy: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, a study on how mushrooms may support youthful skin and aid in patients suffering from the autoimmune disease, sarcoidosis. The second delved into extensive research on Meat Analogues: Are We Making a Positive Political Advancement to Save the Planet? Or A Personal Health Choice that Barely Sustains Ourselves?  which uncovered the unnatural ingredients masked in meatless burgers from Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger. 

Her interdisciplinary studies in law, anthropology and philosophy, makes her a well-rounded candidate. Her past academia undergraduate studies covered a gamut of disciplines including writing legal briefs and law courses in Constitutional Law, Business Law I &II, Torts, Corporate Finance, Business Policy, Economics, Chemistry, Chemistry Lab, and Consumer Behavior. She became a published nonfiction writer and a certified digital storyteller while at Harvard. 

Rita was formerly a Government Account Executive supplying computer networks to the U.S. military around the globe creating relationships between the civilian sector and the government. She has also worked as a Record-Breaking Technical Recruiter, placing C-level executives in major tech companies and start-ups. Her well roundedness and entrepreneurial mindset led her to running a successful bakery at the Department of Defense (DoD) Air Force Exchange. 

Rita is a digital creator, with some experience with Python Programming language. She stays current on mainstream topics as a blogger, social media influencer, and actress/entertainer. She divides her time between speaking, performing, and engaging in television, radio, and stage productions. She has covered tech news and innovations as a repeat spokesperson at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), MacWorld, and for Belkin Components. Her acting appearances aired on Lifetime, History Channel, Fox, and the Paramount Network, landing her on an Emmy-nominated show. Her experience in media, led to a career in television, radio, movies, and writing. As a prior executive producer, TV and radio host of a positive side of sports, life and entertainment variety show, her co-hosts included NFL players and Professionals. The show broadcasted on Warner Brothers Television and Fox. Her position led to interviews with billionaires, millionaires, celebrities, professional athletes, NASCAR drivers, professional medical staff, professional attorneys, musicians, and business owners. As a headline lead singer, she has toured with Grammy-Award winning musicians, and performed the national anthem for several professional sports teams around the country. Rita is a strong writer, researcher, listener, articulate speaker, and takes direction well. She is most recognized for the TV commercial in which she belted opera on a bus with a guy dressed like a Scandinavian viking-(877-CASHNOW).

Currently pursuing her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Division 1 General Psychology with a Christian lens, hones her past skill set as a Christian Youth Group Counselor and a contracted DoD Choir Director. Her current research interests include artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), law, ethics, morals, bioethics, aviation, military affairs, divinity and diversity. Her postgraduate studies at Liberty University allows her to research, analyze, test, generate new data, and the application of statistical and analytical data. Setting academic theories in psychology with a Christian worldview, opens deeper theories into more professional values, morals, ethics, behaviors, attitudes, justices, theoretical modeling, evidence-based modeling, culturally diversity standardization, leadership in trends, concepts, and methods. She is currently studying neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social-personality psychology, neurotheology, law, and statistics. Her main focus lies in self-regulation in the discipline of Health Psychology from a holistic-mind, body, spirit, and soul approach.

She is a current member of the American Psychological Association (APA), American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ), American Federation of Musicians (AFM), Christian Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS), Harvard Black Alumni Society (HBAS), Harvard Club of NY, Harvard Club of Southern California, and the Harvard Alumni Association. She currently resides in Beverly Hills, California. Her faith in Jesus Christ is the foundation for her life.

Awards: 

• As of February 2023: SMARTscholarship 2023 semi-finalist.
• Harvard HGSE/HDS Academic Scholarship Award 2021 in Law, Politics, Economics, Ethics, American Democracy, and Religiosity––Dr. Cornell West and Professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger, S.J.D.
• Top 20 List on Talking Writer 2020
• SEFMD Science and Engineering Award in Microbiology,( First place and second place)

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References

Dietz, P. & Lathrop, M. (2019). Adaptive environments with parallel reality tm displays. 1-2. 10.1145/3306307.3328153.

Inkster, B., Sarda, S., & Subramanian, V. (2018). An empathy-driven, conversational artificial intelligence agent (wysa) for digital mental well-being: real-world data evaluation mixed-methods study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 6(11), e12106. https://doi.org/10.2196/12106

Junhyung, K., Kwon, J. H., Kim, J., Kim, E. J., Kim, H. E., Sunghyon, K., & Jae-Jin, K. (2021). The effects of positive or negative self-talk on the alteration of brain functional connectivity by performing cognitive tasks. Scientific Reports (Nature Publisher Group), 11(1) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94328-9

Kim, J., Kwon, J.H., Kim, J. (2021). The effects of positive or negative self-talk on the alteration of brain functional connectivity by performing cognitive tasks. Scientific Reports 11, 14873. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94328-9

Kurtz, R.  [@iamritaritarita]. (2021, January 11). Employing artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve a peaceful travel experience, delta air lines partnership with misapplied sciences plans on launching the first-ever. [video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7MqQ6OHFMK/?hl=en

Levi-Belz, Y., & Lev-Ari, L. (2019). "Let's Talk About It": The moderating role of self-disclosure on complicated grief over time among suicide survivors. international journal of environmental research and public health, 16(19), 3740. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193740

New American Standard Bible. (2021). Zondervan. (Original work published 1960)

Owen T. R. (1999). The reliability and validity of a wellness inventory. American journal of health promotion: AJHP, 13(3), 180–182. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-13.3.180

Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (Edgmont (Pa.: Township)), 4(5), 35–40.

Pantoja, A. J. [@tallguytycoon]. (2023, February 22). Is this going too far. thoughts?. [video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/reel/Co6PNGmgDvK/?igshid=MjkzY2Y1YTY= 

Sturgill, R., Martinasek, M., Schmidt, T., & Goyal, R. (2021). A novel artificial intelligence-powered emotional intelligence and mindfulness app (ajivar) for the college student population during the COVID-19 pandemic: quantitative questionnaire study. JMIR formative research, 5(1), e25372. https://doi.org/10.2196/25372

 

 

Author Note

Rita L. Kurtz- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4456-7784

No conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to harvarduniversity.ritakurtz@gmail.com

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Details

Written by Rita Kurtz

 What Good Is It For A Person To Gain The Whole World, Yet Forfeit Their Soul? A Christian Viewpoint Regarding Self-Regulation Through The Lens Of Biofeedback, Artificial Intelligence, And Religion

Click hyperlink for video:  Self-Regulation, Biofeedback, Artificial Intelligence

 

 (Graphic by Canva, 2022) 

 

By Rita Kurtz

December 16, 2022

 

 

Rita Kurtz (PhD student) is a recent graduate of Harvard University with a master's degree from the Faculty of Arts & Sciences department. While at Harvard University, Rita took part in several projects, including a research study at the Langer Mindfulness Lab in the Department of Psychology which delved into the psychological effects of how news mediums impact the consumption and conveyance of news to the public. In writing in the sciences, she researched and wrote two research papers and presented them in front of fellow scientists. The first paper researched Nutraceutical Skin Therapy: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, a study on how mushrooms may support youthful skin and aid in patients suffering from the autoimmune disease, sarcoidosis. The second delved into extensive research on Meat Analogues: Are We Making a Positive Political Advancement to Save the Planet? Or A Personal Health Choice that Barely Sustains Ourselves?  which uncovered the unnatural ingredients masked in meatless burgers from Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger. 

Her interdisciplinary studies in law, anthropology and philosophy, makes her a well-rounded candidate. Her past academia undergraduate studies covered a gamut of disciplines including writing legal briefs and law courses in Constitutional Law, Business Law I &II, Torts, Corporate Finance, Business Policy, Economics, Chemistry, Chemistry Lab, and Consumer Behavior. She became a published nonfiction writer and a certified digital storyteller while at Harvard. 

Rita was formerly a Government Account Executive supplying computer networks to the U.S. military around the globe creating relationships between the civilian sector and the government. She has also worked as a Record-Breaking Technical Recruiter, placing C-level executives in major tech companies and start-ups. Her well roundedness and entrepreneurial mindset led her to running a successful bakery at the Department of Defense (DoD) Air Force Exchange. 

Rita is a digital creator, with some experience with Python Programming language. She stays current on mainstream topics as a blogger, social media influencer, and actress/entertainer. She divides her time between speaking, performing, and engaging in television, radio, and stage productions. She has covered tech news and innovations as a repeat spokesperson at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), MacWorld, and for Belkin Components. Her acting appearances aired on Lifetime, History Channel, Fox, and the Paramount Network, landing her on an Emmy-nominated show. Her experience in media, led to a career in television, radio, movies, and writing. As a prior executive producer, TV and radio host of a positive side of sports, life and entertainment variety show, her co-hosts included NFL players and Professionals. The show broadcasted on Warner Brothers Television and Fox. Her position led to interviews with billionaires, millionaires, celebrities, professional athletes, NASCAR drivers, professional medical staff, professional attorneys, musicians, and business owners. As a headline lead singer, she has toured with Grammy-Award winning musicians, and performed the national anthem for several professional sports teams around the country. Rita is a strong writer, researcher, listener, articulate speaker, and takes direction well. She is most recognized for the TV commercial in which she belted opera on a bus with a guy dressed like a Scandinavian viking-(877-CASHNOW).

Currently pursuing her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Division 1 General Psychology with a Christian lens, hones her past skill set as a Christian Youth Group Counselor and a contracted DoD Choir Director. Her current research interests include artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), law, ethics, morals, bioethics, aviation, military affairs, divinity and diversity. Her postgraduate studies at Liberty University allows her to research, analyze, test, generate new data, and the application of statistical and analytical data. Setting academic theories in psychology with a Christian worldview, opens deeper theories into more professional values, morals, ethics, behaviors, attitudes, justices, theoretical modeling, evidence-based modeling, culturally diversity standardization, leadership in trends, concepts, and methods. She is currently studying neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social-personality psychology, neurotheology, law, and statistics. Her main focus lies in self-regulation in the discipline of Health Psychology from a holistic-mind, body, spirit, and soul approach.

She is a current member of the American Psychological Association (APA), American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ), American Federation of Musicians (AFM), Christian Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS), Harvard Black Alumni Society (HBAS), Harvard Club of NY, Harvard Club of Southern California, and the Harvard Alumni Association. She currently resides in Beverly Hills, California. Her faith in Jesus Christ is the foundation for her life.

Awards: 

• As of February 2023: SMARTscholarship 2023 semi-finalist.
• Harvard HGSE/HDS Academic Scholarship Award 2021 in Law, Politics, Economics, Ethics, American Democracy, and Religiosity––Dr. Cornell West and Professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger, S.J.D.
• Top 20 List on Talking Writer 2020
• SEFMD Science and Engineering Award in Microbiology,( First place and second place)

 

Author Note

Rita L. Kurtz- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4456-7784

No conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to harvarduniversity.ritakurtz@gmail.com

 ### 

Details

Written by Rita Kurtz

 

Am I My Brother's Keeper? Clinical Counselor's Ethical Responsibilities with Psychological Artificial Intelligence.

A Look Into Accountability of AI in Psychology

 

(Photo by Rita Kurtz. Stena Line on the Irish Sea, January 5, 2022.)

By Rita Kurtz

November 11, 2022

 

Abstract

This study critically examines tension with ethical views in behavioral science's psychological counseling and machine intelligence. The growth of Psychological Artificial Intelligence’s (AI) research base has grown but tends to disregard ethical issues. The effective title of the research article by Fulmer et al. (2021), The Ethics of Psychological Artificial Intelligence: Clinical Considerations, presents a need for effective awareness of Artificial Intelligence's ethical practices in clinical counseling practices. The research paper focused on six ethical problems, in no order of urgency, regarding the accountability of Psychological Artificial Intelligence use, leaving more questions of the efficacy of AI, reliability and the accountability regarding its use. The questions that arise in this research area begins with why we should care about Psychological AI and does this research offer merit? The Fulmer's et al. (2021) believe that lack of material highlighted the need for adding more literature in the research database on the topic of specifically Psychological Artificial Intelligence's ethics in clinical counseling. The study claimed no other documentation currently existed (Fulmer et al., 2021).  If all or more claim as truth, then who becomes the responsible party for psychological artificial intelligence's ethical dilemmas? Cain's arrogant answer to God's question, "Where is Abel your brother?"  after slewing his brother as stated in Genesis 4:1-9, shuns the responsibility of accountability and Cain replies to the Lord, "Am I my brother's keeper?" (New American Standard Bible, 1960/2020). In comparison, if AI supplies erroneous information to patients, who is the responsible party to take ownership of the fall? From beginning humanity with the fall of man, it remains unethical to intentionally deceive. But sometimes, the intentionality may not be purposeful but because of human error, or in this case machine error, due to faulty human input Today, undoubtedly, we struggle with ethics and accountability, not only with humanity, but also with technology and its responsibility to humankind.

Am I My Brother's Keeper? Clinical Counselor's Ethical Responsibilities with Psychological Artificial Intelligence.

I. A Look Into Accountability of AI in Psychology

`        The study argues in their research, the paucity of information regarding AI in medicine and mental health and its main purpose identified ethical problems and offered recommended solutions. For instance, one of the issues pertained to competence boundaries where violation of the ACA Code of Ethics of the American Counseling Association (ACA) could jeopardize a clinician (Fulmer et al., 2021). To alleviate the chance of receiving a violation, the study suggested that "Clinical counselors are encouraged to learn the essentials of AI relevant to clinical practices and should have at least a rudimentary understanding of the field of AI, especially machine learning (Fulmer et al., 2021). The study goes on to suggest that clinical counseling's direct connection with AI revealed inadequateness in the ethical considerations.  The researcher’s main theory developed new ethical standards and mandates to mitigate problems with Psychological AI. Theoretical conclusions considered establishing new frameworks, regulations and updated policies for all AI.

II. Methods

            Fulmer's et al. (2021) theories began with the opposite focus of the original theory. They began with the successes of AI in mental and behavioral health. Inquiry regarding the increased boon of published papers on AI from Stanford University, led them to deeper study of psychological AI. Because AI has increased in mental and behavioral health, the researchers hoped to extend theorists knowledge by adding more useful example pools and productive reports on AI.

            For example, the researcher's method studied successful trials of two randomized text-messaging cellphone trials, published within two years, which delivered an affective cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) using psychological AI (Fulmer et al., 2021). The researchers then studied the results of a web-based app which produced a reduction of symptoms of anxiety and depression amongst college students aged 18 to 28 (Fulmer et al., 2021). No further details were presented in this study, leaving questions of how the variables of interests were conducted and did this present as an adequate measurement of the app’s effectiveness. Another method used to buttress the positive claim in their study included an additional journal on the success of AI in different psychological therapies. "Tess, an integrative AI agent, used elements of CBT, psychoeducation, emotion-focused therapy, solution-focused brief therapy, and motivational interviewing, delivered through a text-based messenger system" (Fulmer et al., 2021). The results produced and claimed a reduction in depression and anxiety, evidenced by a Patient Health Questionnaire–9 and General Anxiety Disorder–7 (Fulmer et al., 2021). Although the results are shown, this study remains hard to determine the true success rates without further investigation into the accuracy of the questions used in the app messaging system.

            All though all of this may be true, after critically analyzing the study, the Fulmer et al. (2021) report included irrelevant information about other web-based technologies regarding comorbid depression using an internet-based CBT. Was this information necessary to try in a failed attempt to increase the number of AI support falsely giving a boost to the claim? Comparing internet-based CBT therapy and AI based CBT does not support their original AI claim and provides only erroneous information and should have been omitted.

            They derived at their hypotheses by gathering information from existing trials. Due to limited information available regarding psychological artificial intelligence, past investigation of the problem doesn't exactly exist according to the researchers (Fulmer et al., 2021). The researchers also claimed there exists a lack of duties and obligations to objectively lay a firm guaging system regarding ethical decisions made by AI in clinical counseling. The questions of the researchers hoped to investigate and open the platform on better ways to combat the ethical issues of AI and counseling.

            The positive side of the study deemed useful because of the foundation of ethical obligations and responsibilities of counselors who utilize AI. According to the study, clinicians should invest in AI training and keep it as a part of their daily practice. Another recommendation included for clinicians to stay current on the never-ending constant flows of societal shifts. Without staying current, clinicians run the risk that AI may misconstrue information if left unmonitored or left unattended (Fulmer et al, 2021).

            Providing AI training to clinicians, prepares them to develop better relations with their patients; therefore, this effort should be supported. One last useful aspect and important note of the report expressed that AI needs to be just as ethical, reliable, predictability and accurate in its answers to patients as human clinicians. The most powerful and poignant connection with clinician relations to patients and with AI to patient relations, stands on relationship connections with every effort to avoid disaffection.

            The negative side of psychological AI in the Fulmer et al. (2021) report included a variable interest study from Google. The study mostly demonstrated the damming side of AI. To explain, the now defunct AI-bot whose job, at the time, entailed conversing with Twitter users unleashed offensive jargon to the Twitterverse causing unethical practices on Google's behalf (Fulmer et al, 2021). The AI bot used machine learning to educate itself in which the efforts caused Twitter to report racist, inflammatory remarks publicly. Adding this faux pas to the study built up a strong argument to support their original hypotheses.

            Another downfall for clinicians the report discussed entailed how the negative repercussions of deep fakes can manipulate data leading to problems of identity-related concerns disrupting the privacy and biases in practices because of faulty AI. After reading the concerns of the report, further complex details need to be examined within the local clinician's practice. The study's claim described deep fake concerns on a national level in the media and Bid Data but did not cover enough on the counselor clinician's concerns.

III. Results

            A major limitation for such a complex study, the disappoint discussion on their findings offered no empirical data illustrations, nor did they cover the deeper aspect of AI and ethics. Alternative explains leverage for a better argument. In view of this, the lack of information regarding the emotional side of the patient and doctor relationship and how they may be negatively impacted establishes a better dispute. Why didn't they conduct their own survey from clinicians that currently use AI in their practices? The sample size of the gathered past data sufficed in bringing surface awareness to the issue, but more in-depth methodological studies could have been performed. The researchers did not include charts or graphs into their research, thus making their argument weaker. Evidence that supported their claim, could have been implemented since AI plays a major role in medicine. If the topic didn't have data available, paralleling the study to any medical field could undoubtedly offered enough information to consider reasonable. In fact, more external study information could have been implemented. Additionally, since empirical scientific data is needed to help validate most scientific journals, even if information lacked in their field of mental health, the available cross-sector data in any field of medicine could bring similar supportive material. As thought leaders in the field of behavioral science, seeking knowledge from all angles solidifies thought initiatives and collaborative efforts help

            As an illustration, in researched another journal article from 2019, Calibration: the Achilles Heel of Predictive Analytics (Van Calster et al., 2019), which discussed the importance of algorithm updating. Artificial Intelligence uses algorithms to function. Without proper updates and supervision, major bias problems arise in Artificial Intelligence and the process of Machine Learning (ML). To say that this new article could be deemed vital to back their study, it solidifies the effectiveness of the article. The journal provided illustrations, graphs, and histograms to show risk parameters and calibrations.

            Under those circumstances, risk parameters and calibrations become necessary when gathering, categorizing, and outputting data. The major findings in this study, highlighted that the risk of poor calibration could inform patients of false data, making the use of algorithms less clinically productive (Van Calster, B., et al., 2019).  Correspondingly, over or under estimation due to the outcome of poorly calibrated risk predictions, can send false hope or anticipate patient's personal decisions.

            For instance, a patient in hopes of the outcome of live birth during an administered invitro fertilization treatment (IFV), if the patient's prognosis was favorable, an over-or underestimation from the ill-calibrated algorithm could pose a harmful side effect, e.g., ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, making the data outcome clinically unacceptable (Van Calster, B., et al., 2019). The illustrations found from the Van Calster, B., et al., (2019) report, strengthened the argument of the Fulmer et al. (2021) journal. In this case study, the supporting charts and illustration rank better to support their hypothesis instead of the exclusion of figures or illustrations. Not to mention, in knowing this information, stressing the importance of the AI and practitioner's relationship places more emphasis on the need for training. In clinical care, Machine Learning systems should be trained with both the end result (eg, malignant or benign) and the potential missed diagnoses (false negatives) and over-diagnosis (false positives) (Challen, R., Denny, J., Pitt, M., Gompels, L., Edwards, T., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K., 2019) (Megler V. & Gregoire S., 2018). Henceforth, the mental health and behavioral health disciplines would still need to be evaluated and clinicians must be trained on the use of AI for reinforced systems to mitigate ethics risks. One note not to miss, in the Van Calster, B., et al., (2019), the conclusion of the article leaned toward positive output and stated, "the ultimate aim is to optimize the utility of predictive analytics for shared decision-making and patient counseling" (2019).

VI. Who is my brother’s keeper?         

            From the standpoint of noteworthy ethical patient care, and from the words from the moral story of Cain and Abel, who is my brother's keeper, or the one responsible for keeping AI accountable when something goes wrong? Did the Fulmer et al. (2021) provide enough information for preventive care? The article did offer a list of some of risks using autonomous decision making. The study created concern for ethical breech, exposing that the clinician is the responsible party. The solutions offered need further investigation but spurs the need for new investigations into the ethical practices of Psychology and AI.

            To summarize, since the study reported that biases exist and that mandates from the government regarding ethical standards must be upheld by clinicians, according to The National Research Act (1974) founded in 1974, this form of distance counseling needs further investigation because of the rapid advancement of AI including the increased use of mental health psychotherapy apps (Blease et al. 2021).

            Where does AI's accountability come into play with the requirements of The National Research Act (1974) in Psychology? As seen in the Figure 1. illustration, the clinician seeks training in AI to become the authoritarian of AI and AI bots as the bots relay information to patients during the patient care process.

(Graphic made by Rita Kurtz in Canva, 2022)

            Researchers need to consider solid training models in AI for practitioners to decrease the amount of liability on clinicians.  Clearly, the relationship between clinician and AI needs better measurement of resources, tracking, to help mitigate problems in practices concerning patient care.  The six ethical issues of AI mentioned in the study included boundaries of competence, limited ethical codes, transparency, cultural diversity, predictability and accuracy, and cybersecurity, all of them touched on practical implications for the study. New technologies like the computerization of Psychology using AI come with security and risks. The results fed into the narrative that AI can be useful but with precautions and monitoring. Past research findings had both agreement and contradictions. AI being a newer technology, attempts to take on challenges in the medical field. There are successes and failures. The ethical issues brought to light in this journal didn't offer new problems but did recommend possible solutions.

 Keywords: critical thinking, patient care, machine learning, morality

 

Rita Kurtz (PhD student) is a recent graduate of Harvard University with a master's degree from the Faculty of Arts & Sciences department. While at Harvard University, Rita took part in several projects, including a research study at the Langer Mindfulness Lab in the Department of Psychology which delved into the psychological effects of how news mediums impact the consumption and conveyance of news to the public. In writing in the sciences, she researched and wrote two research papers and presented them in front of fellow scientists. The first paper researched Nutraceutical Skin Therapy: Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ganoderma lucidum, a study on how mushrooms may support youthful skin and aid in patients suffering from the autoimmune disease, sarcoidosis. The second delved into extensive research on Meat Analogues: Are We Making a Positive Political Advancement to Save the Planet? Or A Personal Health Choice that Barely Sustains Ourselves?  which uncovered the unnatural ingredients masked in meatless burgers from Beyond Meat and Impossible Burger. 

Her interdisciplinary studies in law, anthropology and philosophy, makes her a well-rounded candidate. Her past academia undergraduate studies covered a gamut of disciplines including writing legal briefs and law courses in Constitutional Law, Business Law I &II, Torts, Corporate Finance, Business Policy, Economics, Chemistry, Chemistry Lab, and Consumer Behavior. She became a published nonfiction writer and a certified digital storyteller while at Harvard. 

Rita was formerly a Government Account Executive supplying computer networks to the U.S. military around the globe creating relationships between the civilian sector and the government. She has also worked as a Record-Breaking Technical Recruiter, placing C-level executives in major tech companies and start-ups. Her well roundedness and entrepreneurial mindset led her to running a successful bakery at the Department of Defense (DoD) Air Force Exchange. 

Rita is a digital creator, with some experience with Python Programming language. She stays current on mainstream topics as a blogger, social media influencer, and actress/entertainer. She divides her time between speaking, performing, and engaging in television, radio, and stage productions. She has covered tech news and innovations as a repeat spokesperson at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), MacWorld, and for Belkin Components. Her acting appearances aired on Lifetime, History Channel, Fox, and the Paramount Network, landing her on an Emmy-nominated show. Her experience in media, led to a career in television, radio, movies, and writing. As a prior executive producer, TV and radio host of a positive side of sports, life and entertainment variety show, her co-hosts included NFL players and Professionals. The show broadcasted on Warner Brothers Television and Fox. Her position led to interviews with billionaires, millionaires, celebrities, professional athletes, NASCAR drivers, professional medical staff, professional attorneys, musicians, and business owners. As a headline lead singer, she has toured with Grammy-Award winning musicians, and performed the national anthem for several professional sports teams around the country. Rita is a strong writer, researcher, listener, articulate speaker, and takes direction well. She is most recognized for the TV commercial in which she belted opera on a bus with a guy dressed like a Scandinavian viking-(877-CASHNOW).

Currently pursuing her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Division 1 General Psychology with a Christian lens, hones her past skill set as a Christian Youth Group Counselor and a contracted DoD Choir Director. Her current research interests include artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR), law, ethics, morals, bioethics, aviation, military affairs, divinity and diversity. Her postgraduate studies at Liberty University allows her to research, analyze, test, generate new data, and the application of statistical and analytical data. Setting academic theories in psychology with a Christian worldview, opens deeper theories into more professional values, morals, ethics, behaviors, attitudes, justices, theoretical modeling, evidence-based modeling, culturally diversity standardization, leadership in trends, concepts, and methods. She is currently studying neuroscience, cognitive psychology, social-personality psychology, neurotheology, law, and statistics. Her main focus lies in self-regulation in the discipline of Health Psychology from a holistic-mind, body, spirit, and soul approach.

She is a current member of the American Psychological Association (APA), American Psychology-Law Society (AP-LS), National Association of Black Journalists (NABJ), American Federation of Musicians (AFM), Christian Association for Psychological Studies (CAPS), Harvard Black Alumni Society (HBAS), Harvard Club of NY, Harvard Club of Southern California, and the Harvard Alumni Association. She currently resides in Beverly Hills, California. Her faith in Jesus Christ is the foundation for her life.

Awards: 

• As of February 2023: SMARTscholarship 2023 semi-finalist.
• Harvard HGSE/HDS Academic Scholarship Award 2021 in Law, Politics, Economics, Ethics, American Democracy, and Religiosity––Dr. Cornell West and Professor Roberto Mangabeira Unger, S.J.D.
• Top 20 List on Talking Writer 2020
• SEFMD Science and Engineering Award in Microbiology,( First place and second place)

 

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References

Blease C., Kharko A., Annoni M., Gaab J., & Locher C. (2021). Machine Learning in Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Education: A Mixed Methods Pilot Survey of Postgraduate Students at a Swiss University. Frontiers in Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.623088

Challen, R., Denny, J., Pitt, M., Gompels, L., Edwards, T., & Tsaneva-Atanasova, K. (2019). Artificial intelligence, bias and clinical safety. BMJ quality & safety, 28(3), 231–237. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008370

Fulmer, R., Davis, T., Costello, C., & Joerin, A. (2021). The ethics of psychological artificial intelligence: clinical considerations. Counseling and Values, 66(2), 131-144. https://doi-org.ezproxy.liberty.edu/10.1002/cvj.12153

Megler V, Gregoire S. (2018). Training models with unequal economic error costs using Amazon sagemaker. AWS machine learning blog https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/training-models-with-unequal-economic-error-costs-using-amazon-sagemaker/ 

New American Standard Bible. (2022). Zondervan. (Original work published 1960)

Van Calster, B., McLernon, D. J., van Smeden, M., Wynants, L., Steyerberg, E. W., & Topic Group ‘Evaluating diagnostic tests and prediction models’ of the STRATOS initiative (2019). Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics. BMC medicine,17(1), 230. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-019-1466-7

National Research Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. Public Law 93-348 (1974). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-88/pdf/STATUTE-88-Pg342.pdf 

 

Author Note

Rita L. Kurtz- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4456-7784

No conflict of interest to disclose.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to harvarduniversity.ritakurtz@gmail.com

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